Utopia of Art and Entertainment Essay Example for Free

Utopia of Art and Entertainment EssayThe movie, Funny Face, is an enjoyable, entertain and for certain a classic in cinema. Amidst the theatrical performance surface, it makes as fine material for criticism. Richard Dyer highlights this very healthful using the concept of utopia in entertainment. It left a mark in the way I lookedand observedthe film from the general and critical merits. The central figures play a part in this. On mavin side you have Joe Stockton, an admirer of philosophy and book worm and the other in Dick Avery, who is a photographer and represents the side of entertainment. Watching the movie reinforced the notion through the numbersthe little escapades of the theatre. From the wondrous dancing, catchy songs and overall tug of war, the numbers performed by Joe, Avery and the rest of the cast were in what Dyer would point pop out to be contradictionsbetween entertainment and art. In the case of the movie, these contradictions are seen and most notably in galore(postnominal) formssome appear direct and some indirect.The number, Clap Yo Hands played during the infiltration of the emphaticalist lecture suffer was one such form that resonate a direct sense of opposingperhaps persuadingan nimbus to change tone. From the dim, gray, contemplative mood to the upbeat and entertaining force that enters the room itself, art became a branch where entertainment could escape and simply enter into the frameall in the process of a leap number. A notice of these numbers and one can see an implied tug of war between the tone of artistic pursuits (the purpose of Joe) and entertainment overtones (the purpose of Dick and his cohorts).The numbers become signs in themselves, seemingly because of the theatrical non-representative elements in the dance formin the beat, rhythm and music selection. These little details construct a meaning for the audience and influence it as wella happier finds its value in entertainment, which overrides the feeling of the dreary. It was certainly a delight to have seen such a classic in Funny Facefrom the fashionable costumes, entertaining dances to the subtle humor and introspections one can get from it.

Non Probability Sampling Methods Essay Example for Free

Non Probability take in Methods EssayNon- probability take is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that severally item in the population has of being included in the sample. In this type of sampling, items for the sample be selected deliberately by the enquiryer his choice concerning the items remains supreme.Non-Probability consume MethodsThe common feature in non probability sampling methods is that subjective judgments ar utilise to determine the population that are contained in the sample. The common groups are discussed below1. Convenience try2. Judgement Sampling3. Quota Sampling4. Snowball samplingConvenience SamplingThis type of sampling is used primarily for reasons of convenience, researchers might either be in need of imperative data so cannot conduct a thorough research or it is simply to satisfy ones rareness ab reveal a subject. This form of sampling is used mostly in marketing studies. For example a new yog hurt processing company is interested in knowing opinions about the new return (issues like flavour of the yoghurt, consistency of the yoghurt and packaging). The perception is to produce what would best appeal to the customers. A nonpublic researcher has been hired and he asks his neighbours (convenient sample) their opinion about the yoghurt.Judgement SamplingThe researchers in-person judgement guides the selection criteria his discretion that the selected members are representative of the entire population guides the findings. It is used mainly in product tests.For example a research team has been constituted to conduct a survey, if one of the members drops out the dominion investigator has the right to appoint a replacement. This would be done at the discretion of the principle investigator.6.3.1.3 Quota SamplingThis is a very commonly used sampling method in marketing research studies. Here the sample is selected on the basis of certain basic parameters such as age, sex, income and occupation that describe the nature a population so as to make it representative of the population. The Investigators or field workers are instructed to choose a sample that conforms to these parameters. The field workers are assigned quotas of the number of units satisfying the required characteristics on which data should be collected. However, before collecting data on these units, the investigators are supposed to verify that the units confine these characteristics. Suppose we are conducting a survey to study the get behavior of a product and it is believed that the buying behavior is greatly influenced by the income level of the consumers.We assume that it is possible to divide our population into three income strata such as high-income group, middle-income group and low-income group. Further it is known that 20% of the population is in high income group, 35% in the middle-income group and 45% in the low-income group. Suppose it is decided to select a sample of si ze two hundred from the population. Therefore, samples of size 40, 70 and90 should come from high income, middle income and low income groups respectively. Now the various field workers are assigned quotas to select the sample from each group in such a way that a total sample of 200 is selected in the same proportion as mentioned above.6.3.1.4 Snowball Sampling The sampling in which the selection of additional respondents (after the first small group of respondents is selected) is based upon referrals from the initial set of respondents. It is used to sample low incidence or rare populations It is done for the efficiency of finding the additional, hard-to-find members of the sample.6.3.1.5 Advantages of Non-probability Sampling It is often cheaper to probability sampling. It is acceptable when the level of accuracy of the research results is not of utmost importance. Less research metre is required than probability samples. It often produces samples quite similar to the popula tion of interest when conducted properly.6.3.1.6 Disadvantages of Non-probability Sampling You cannot calculate Sampling error. Thus, the minimum required sample size cannot be calculated which suggests that you (researcher) may sample too a few(prenominal) or too many members of the population of interest. You do not know the degree to which the sample is representative of the population from which it was drawn. The research results cannot be projected (generalized) to the total population of interest with any degree of confidence.

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The speckle Band canvassLooking at The Speckled Band and two other stories comment on the way Conan Doyle uses the section Watson I the stories. I have read 3 stories of secret agent Holmes, written by the famous author, Sir Conan Doyle. The three stories I have looked at be The Speckled Band, The Engineers Thumb and The Man with the writhe oral cavity. My main decoct is on the character Dr Watson and how Doyle illustrates him.I spot that Dr Watson is affectionate by the way he approaches hatful, I maxim this in The Engineers Thumb, when he is caring for Mr Hatherlys severed thumb, and how he treated it. Also in The Man with the Twisted Lip he cares for Kate Whitney and gives her advice to do about Isa because he has not been home for two days. He makes her spirit comfortable when advising her we know this because it says in the text have some wine or water, and sit here(predicate) comfortably and tell us about it.Therefore it shows us that it is in his nature to d eal with people that are upset, and he is very good at doing it. Again in the The Man with the Twisted Lip when Kate comes to him late at night, because she is upset and needs advice, in the text it quotes I want the Doctors advice and help this straight off tells me and the audience that people seek Watson for help. Quote from the text we soothed and comforted her, again it tells us that he is manakin I friendly.Through this I kind of get the feeling that many people in the Sherlock Holmes stories people, made visits to Watson for advice, because he was a nice and comfortable man to talk to and didnt push you quick so he could see another client, and unders excessivelyd how the client must feel. He is very fond of Holmes and id a very good companion as he always does investigations with Holmes I refer to this in The Speckled Band when Holmes is at the end of bed and tells Watson about a client and a investigation they are going to have to look into an investigation and he replies I would not miss it for anything.This tells me that he impart always be there for Holmes to help him out, in my words an acolyte. When you have a friend then you must have organized religion in the friend so Watson has a great level of trust in Holmes. Holmes is not the brightest person either as it is always Holmes that works out the investigation, as Holmes effected what the speckled band was in the The Speckled Band. He realised that it was a serpent that was killing people, and it was unrivalled of the pets Dr Grimesby Roylott which he had brought over from India.Watson has no fear really either as he write downed the room with the snake in which could kill people in a playe most people would fear to enter a room with something this deadly. Throughout the stories of Sherlock Holmes Watson appears to be the narrator, he tells the story as it goes along from what he sees of it and tells about his and Holmes investigations, but never works them out for himself, only when H olmes says the result of the investigation he realises.We know this by in The Man with the Twisted Lip he is saying what is going on We hear the door open this is just as the story goes and it tells us he is the narrator as when he speaks it is in speech marks. This tells us that Watson is telling the story for us, in other words the narrator. When Watson narrates though his vocalise is not impersonal to Holmes as he does have the greatest respect for him, we can tell this by when Holmes is at the end of his bed in The Speckled Band he narrates just a smaller resentment, for I was in myself in regular habits.This does not show hate to Holmes it just shows a bit of annoyance as he is at the end of the bed, when Watson is waking up in the morning, and Holmes is seeing him do habits which everybody does when they wake in the morning. I can tell through this that he does not seem too pleased about Holmes at the end of the bed, but still even though he is he shows a lot of respect to Holmes.

Computer network Essay Example for Free

Computer network EssayThe cyberspace is network of networks, linking reck angiotensin converting enzymers to computers sharing the TCP/IP protocols. distributively runs softwargon to provide or serve information and regain and view information. The internet is the transport vehicle for the information stored in files or documents on other computers. It is sometimes comp ard to a giant international plumbery system. The internet itself does non contain information. What it was found in is one of the computers linked to the internet.The Internet, A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks development standardized communication protocols. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of academic, government, private, business, public networks and, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad ramble of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.The internet can exact many services, like Electronic mail(e-mail) that permits you to send and incur mail, Telnet(remote login) that permits your computer to onto another computer and practice it as if you were there, FTP(File Transfer Protocol) allows your computer to rapidly retrieve daedal files intact from a remote computer and view or save them on your computer, etc. To access the internet by computer, you need a computer, a modem or other telecommunications link, and software to connect to an Internet Service Provider. The internet is indeed a wonderful, amazing and brilliant gift that has been given by accomplishment to tender-hearteds.Presently in this modern era, the Internet plays a significant role in our daily human life. Whereas, we are seriously addicted to using the Internet in this century. Moreover, pot like to spend vision of our human lives. Ten years ago, the Internet was practically unheard of by most people. Today, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throug h expose the world. The Internet is a collection of various services and resources. According to Russ Brock, a director and consultant at the Center for Innovation and Inquiry, the Internet is main components are E-mail and the orbit Wide Web.Theres a lot more to the Internet than E-mail, search engines, celerity tissue sites, up-to-the-second sports scores, and chat rooms full of risk discussions. The Net in addition ranks as one of todays best business tools if its used adroitly. Almost all households contain the Internet however, before people connect to the Internet, they need to be aware of its disadvantages and advantages. Many fear the Internet because of its disadvantages. They claim to not use the Internet because they are afraid of the possible consequences or are simply not interested.People who hasten yet connected to the Internet claim they are not missing anything. Today s expert society must fancy, it is up to them to protect themselves on the Internet. Half of U. S. adults, or 94 million Americans, arent online. Children using the Internet have become a big concern. Most parents do not realize the dangers involved when their children log onto the Internet (Children and the Internet). When children are online, they can easily be lured into something dangerous. When children talk to others online, they do not realize they could actually be talking to a harmful person.As a result, there have been many cases where children have been convinced to meet people they have talked with online. In fact, stories seem to come out every week a child or teenager lured into something foolish, dangerous, or even deadly on line. Cathy Cleaver of the Family Research Council claims that it is against the law for a molester to even attempt to find children online In addition, children may also receive pornography online by mistake therefore, causing concern among parents everywhere. Whether surfing the Web, reading newsgroups, or using email, children can be exposed to extremely inappropriate material.Pornographic sites tend to make sure they are the first sites to be listed in any search area thus, children come across such sites easily. A man from Pearl, Mississippi was arrested in 1996 for downloading pornographic images of children from the Internet. He was charged with 290 counts of child pornography). Some critics say that parents are responsible for their own children on the Internet because there are available services to protect children. To keep on children safe, parents and teachers must be aware of the dangers.

Violence Against Women In India Essay Example for Free

Violence Against Women In India EssayOn December 16, a 23 year- senior woman in Delhi, was gang-raped and almost left for terminal by six men in a moving bus. More shocking this was the 636th rape in Delhi in 2012, according to the reported figures available with the National Crime Records Bureau. In Bangalore, two days subsequently the Delhi rape, a girl was pulled into a shop in her own neighbourhood and raped by the owner, objet dart his friends kept watch.India was never very safe for women, but of late there seems to be a rank disrespect that is governed neither by societal nor legal norms. It seems to be simply up to the men to consummate violence and for women to safeguard themselves as best as they can. The police argon too biased to be effective. Tehelka magazines sting operation in April on senior police officials in Delhi-NCR, revealed that to a greater extent than half chose to blame rape victims. Unless a woman is fully covered from head to toe at all times, s he wants men to rape her, declared Arjun Singh, SHO of Surajpur Police Station. With such attitudes, it is not surprising that victims are opposed to enter our police stations and that most attacks go unreported. Technology also assaults our senses every hour. Mobiles share lubricious details while TV stations broadcast them like prime time entertainment, instead of development the space to condemn or discuss such matters seriously, thus becoming active participants in gender injustice.Social dividesThese crimes against women are part of a wider change where reactionary forces are becoming dominant. Globalization seems to lose narrowed the space available for women even further by creating economic and social divides that provoke a conservative backlash from those who feel left out.According to eminent Kannada writer Vaidehi, violence against women is as old as the Mahabharata. But the rapid changes in our society seem to be escalating the scale of this violence. Says William D alrymple in the doorway to his fascinating book, Nine Lives, The speed of development is breathtaking the sort of construction that would take 25 old age in Britain, comes up here in five months. So extraordinary is all this that it is easy to throw off the fragility and unevenness of the boom. Within twenty minutes of leaving the Gurgaon headquarters of Microsoft or Google Asia, cars and trucks are root to give way to camel and bullock carts. This is a very different India indeed.And it is this different India whether in Karnataka or Maharashtra or Haryana that the new India call for to comprehend rather than ignore. Sharat Chandra Srivastava, violinist who performed at the GirlCott show, feels the mutual mistrust comes from the replacing of friendship norms by a highly individualised society. Agrees Sufi musician Rabbi Shergill, I wish there were more than neutral cultural spaces where the two (worlds) couldve interacted a little more naturally. Gurgaon had a functioning society before we got there. The malls, pubs, multiplexes just seemed to look down on it it seemed to grudge people their draw in the great lottery of life. You dont just barge into someones house and act all loud. Id like to see the discourse move to the countryside where the eve-teasers come from and start a genuine dialogue. What do you dislike about us?But before dialogue can emerge, basic safety needs to be in place, with secure public transport, and open, well-lit public spaces. Gurgaon shows a horrific crime graph and its Mahatma Gandhi Road, connecting the numerous malls and swanky housing estates, is now called the Rape Mile. Women returning from work carry pepper spray the streets are dimly lit and deserted by evening. Only 3,286 cops cover the vast urban sprawl. And nobody takes accountability when anything goes wrong.Says Richa Dubey, who initiated the successful Gurgaon GirlCott campaign in April, We are trying to get back a sense of collective responsibility. Th is is where we live and work, we all need to work to make it safe.The GirlCott, provoked by the kidnapping of a Sahara gist employee on her way home, decided to hit the commercial complexes where it hurt by a no safety, no money shopping boycott, and firmly put the spotlight on how the urban dream of Gurgaon had turned into a nightmare for its working professionals.A host of citizens and organisations including Whypoll (maps unsafe places), Breakthrough (Bell Bajao), Indian Institute for Human Settlements, and Jagori, came together at GirlCott and are now working on a long-term plan for safety. As the Citizens collective Against Sexual Assault says, Women have a right to be safe In homes, on streets, in buses and in workplaces.

The Whole Palestinian Israel Conflict History Essay

The Whole Palestinian Israel Conflict History EssayPalestine is one and only(a) of the historic country in the shopping center East, Palestine is surrounded by Lebanon in the northern, Syria in North East, Jordan by the East gradient, Egypt by the South West side, and the Mediterranean sea in the West side. The explicate Palestine came from a group of people that use to live in Palestine before the Kanaaon the loss leader of the group his name was Falasta and the tribes used to be c all in alled Fasteen and each one of the tribes used to be name Flste when the Kanaaon came to Palestine, some(prenominal) of the tribes came to prep arher in one hand that no one could come between them, then they named it Flesten and by ages the name changed to Felesteen/ Palestine. (Transition word) Palestine is the most wanted country in the world leaders used and still fight to have it for them because Palestine has diversity of cradle of civilization and religions, it is also the central of Middle East and it include the ternary continents, Asia, Europe and Africa. Palestine also divers of the Mediterranean climate and it has the four-spot seasons all year long for instance in north its cold and windy, in the East side close to Jordan River is very strugglem. That is what made Palestine the most wanted country in the world.The whole Palestinian- Israel encroach started in 1915. The agreement started between the government Britain and France, to divide the Arab nation between them. France got Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey and Britain got Jordan and Palestine (The Balfour contract pg.240) In 1917 Balfour result the Zionist movement achieved the first movement its first real success, when the British issued the Balfour Declaration His Majestys Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a content home for the Judaic people, and will use their best mop upeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object it being clearly understood that nothing This declaration culminated in the creation of the deposit of Israel. 1936 a six months in superior general strike in Palestine was during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine that lasted from 1936 to 1939. In April 1936, the Arab leadership in Palestine declared a general strike to protest once against, and put an end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. The revolt was driven primarily by Arab hostility to Britains permission of restricted Jewish immigration and land purchases, which Palestinian Arabs believed was leading them to becoming a minority in the territory. In 1948 the state of Israel was created the struggle between Zionist and Palestinian had left with dickens unsettled topic till nowa daytimes. The 1948 contend between the Zionists and Palestinians, then between Israel and Arab state left two unresolved issues. First, although the state of Israel received the acquaintance of most states in the world, the surrounding Arab states did not extend it recognition The second gear, unresolved issues was what to do about the line of the Palestinian refuge (Gelvin, 2005,Pg.283) During the war, Israel, decide to kick all the Palestinian form their home and exploded 600 colonisations so they wont come back to it. The 1967 war The current factual setting continues to be largely a result of the outcome of the Six-Day War in 1967 and subsequent development associated with Israeli occupation of the West Bank, capital of Israel and Gaza.(Friel, Falk, 2007, Pg.11) The six days war, Israel divided Palestine into parts. Palestinian start to immigrated to some other(prenominal) cities that are when Palestinians become refugee for the second time. The countries surrounded by Palestine told them to leave so they can fight against Israel, but they lost the war and Israel won. The Palestinian who left Palestine had no right to come back to their land.My ancestors came from a small hamlet called Bet-Iksa in Palestine its the north west of J erusalem the capital city. Bet-Iksa was one of the main centers in the Islamic war in Crusades time. The location of the village made it easier for the soldiers to keep their clothes (Supplement) and all of their demand in Bet-Iksa because of the location were in the middle of all of the cities My ancestors were living in Bet-Iksa more than 3000 years they all followed the same religion, tradition, and race till now, even though time has change. One of their traditions was that every Friday, they used to go to the Doom Of The Rock to pray and then go to the old Jerusalem to shop.The first time my grandparents Diaspora from their village was on 1948. When the big war started between Israel and Palestinian. When Israel state becomes a country, my family were forced and expelled to leave their village and eject them in a refuge camp. Palestinians refer to the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 as al-Nakba, the catastrophe. Hundred of thousands of Palestinians were displaced a s result of the creation of the Jewish state, the ensuring war between the Arabs and Israelis, and an Israeli policy of expulsion (Ensalaco, 2008, Pg.9) They lived in an arrangement area for a year, till they settle down and start building small houses for them to become self-sufficient again they had no water, no nutrient, and no electricity. And they were forced again to leave the camp and go to another one. Israel has done that, to make Palestinian move from Palestine and immigrate to somewhere else like Jordan and Lebanon. But some(prenominal) of them did not do what Israel want and stayed in Palestine and that is what my grandparents did In 1960 my father was born in expat camp.In 1967 another war remain on the land of Palestine (West bank and Gaza) my family including my father and other refugees were expelled and displaced again to Jordan, they became refugee for the second time and immigrant for the first time in Jordan. Jordan is located in the heart of the Middle East, nor-west of Saudi Arabia, south of Syria, Southwest of Iraq, and east of Palestine. After two years living in Jordan, another war occurred in Jordan between Jordanian and Palestinian In September 1970 a month that came to be known as Black September, terrorists belonging to the Popular Front of Liberation of Palestine (PELP) The incident dragged for two weeks. Then, in a spectacle to draw the worlds attention to the plight of the Palestinian people (Ensalago, 2008,Pg.1) the savvy of the war is because the Palestinian were more than Jordanian people and they wanted to control everything in Jordan since they are more, so the war came between the Palestinian commando and Jordan army. When the war started my father was ten years old. e. After the war peace came from the two sides. Jordanian and Palestinian became together. Many people did not welcome the Palestinian and at that place were a lot of racism and discrimination against them and till nowadays, Palestinian found a way to g et along with them and both share their heathenish and tradition with each other, both Jordanian and Palestinian address Arabic, follow the same religions either Islam or Christianity. Jordan was the host society for the Palestinian, they accepted them, they gave the Palestinian passport, land, houses, and they were allowed to work in Jordan and equal as a Jordanian person.In 2006, my family and I moved to Canada it was a totally distinct experience for us. None of my family member spoke English expects my father, although he knew the language but he has a tough British accent, so no one understood him or us. We have been in Canada for eighter from Decatur years and till now my siblings and I are trying to learn the language. At first we had cultural shock and we were homesick, but year-by-year these have been decreasing and now we are accepting cultural and their life. There are many differences between the two countries the cultural difference between Jordan/Palestine and Canad a are seen in their holiday, food and custom. For instance the holidays in Jordan/Palestine its according to the local sightings of various phase of the moon, we usually fast during the day and feast at night according to the sun, after the month of the fasting, it is the day of our holiday is called Eid Al Fitr its for three days, family members visit each other and men give money to their wife, sisters and close relative. But in Canada broadly speaking celebrate Christmass the birth of Jesus Christ, they usually decorate the house and yards with light and the put up the Christmass trees and it usually held by December 25th.Since 1946 to 2010 Israel have been taking over Palestine, every decade Jews and Zionist are increasing and the number of Palestinian are decreasing, as statistic show by the end of the war Israel had occupied 78 percent of Palestine. During the Six-Day War, Israel occupied the final 22 percent of Palestine that had been avoid in 1948. My family history and Di aspora could refer to Phase number one Victim of DiasporaPhasewhat phase of DiasparaWhy did I chose this topic

Malaysian Market For Sago Palm

Malaysian Market For Sago PalmIn this chapter, we provide address the stress of Malaysia market for sago. The discussion of the market harps of production, consumption, export and expense. To infrastand about sago, we will eldest briefly discuss on sago palm, sago stiffen and sago treat.1.1 Sago PalmSago palm or Metroxylon sagu is a crop that produces stiffen for victuals and non- aliment affect industries. Sago palm is widely cultivated in Sarawak with more than 60,000 hect are of eye socket recently. Commercial polish field of force for sago palm was increase from 43 hectare in 1988 to 10,700 hectare in 1996 and the remaining was cultivated by smallholders. In social class 2000, there are 21 sago affect jells which produced around 60,000 atomic be 109 of sago amylum. In west Malaysia, sago palm civilisation is withal small with however 2 sago processing plant operated in Johor.1.2 Sago stiffenMost of sago stiffen that been produced in Sarawak is used in we st Malaysia (almost 30,000 thyroxin). Sago overly been exported as high quality food for thought topical anestheticise amylum and low quality assiduity govern starch. exporting for food step starch was change magnitude from 3,600 tonne in 1985 to 11,000 tonne in 1995 while export for indus quiz grade starch was fall from 8,400 tonne in 1985 to 5,100 tonne in 1995. The major destinations for sago starch export are Japan, Singapore, United Kingdom, Taiwan, Canada, southwestern Korea, bran-new Zea field and Thailand.1.3 Sago touchSago PalmSago palm took 10 to 15 days to be matured. When sago palm is matured, it will be felt passel so that its physical anatomical structure can be cut. Sago palm has a spacious remains, upright, r from each unrivalledes a height of 10-12 meters, with the contents of the soft and contain high starch content. It is a staple food source for indigenous people in Sabah and Sarawak, including ethnic Bisaya, and Melanau.Sago LogSago trunk is cut into section with each section is 75 cm to 90 cm long. This section is known as sago log. Every sago trunk ease up around 10 to 12 sago log. Then, these sago logs will be tied together in the multifariousness of rafts and tugged by boats to sago processing plant through river. Sometimes, these sago logs are carried by lorry to sago processing plant.Processing Sago StarchProcessing of sago starch is through in the sago processing plant. In the sago extraction process, the sago logs are first debarked, followed by maceration utilise a rasper. Newer types of raspers crap eliminated the need for debarking. The sago chips resulting from the maceration process are and then further disintegrated exploitation a hammer mill. The starch slurry is then passed through a series of outward-moving sieves to remove the coarse fibres. Cyclone separators are then used to extract the starch which is then dried using a rotary vacuum drum drier, followed by hot air drying.1.4 Malaysia Mark et for Sago first department of Agriculture, Sarawak. unpolished Statistics of SarawakFrom table 1.4, we can fulfil how the instruction and the status of sago industries in Malaysia were. The number framing shows repulsion in the export of sago starch forevery single year. Thus, it is influenced by the current economic climate.We can see that the figure of the add up export of sago starch are not really consistence compared to its price which is leaving high all the appearance breaking from the year of 1993 until it reaches its highest price in the year 1998. The year after, the figure shows that the price is going down. Even though, the full(a)ity of production was increase in 2002 and 2003. The lowest price ever was in year 1993 where it was only around RM584 per tonne for industry grade starch and RM596 per tonne for food grade starch. The highest price was RM915 per tonne for industry grade starch and RM 897 food grade starch in the year 1998 a year after the economi c erosion occurs.From the view of total export step and production, Malaysia produced the highest quantity of sago starch back in the year 1995 where it reaches its highest possible production with exported quantity up to 45,130.96 tonne for food grade starch and 4,816.43 tonne for industry grade starch. The lowest total production was in the year 1997 where only 27,285.50 tonne of food grade starch and 5,121.83 tonne of industry grade starch were exported the same year when the economic erosion occurs.If referred to the net export revalue, the biggest amount is during the sago price recorded its highest price which is in year 1998. The amount is RM5, 638,142. Meanwhile, the lowest export value was in year 1993 with the net total of export value is RM2, 314,787.CHAPTER 2 CURRENT POLICIES DESCRIPTION2.0 IntroductionThis chapter will discuss the agricultural policies relevant to sago providing an accurate, clear understanding of the policies affecting the market for sago and its pro duct. There are 4 policies that relevant to sago consist of policies by the Malaysia governing (federal) and Sarawak government (state).2.1 Sarawak Policy on Sago orchard (Before NAP3)The Sarawak government is trying to pioneer the refinement of sago on a plantation scale, trying to tap 20th century agricultural technology and big organisational structure to grow this supposedly wonder crop. The aim of sago plantations is the application of modern, scientific agricultural technology and a big unveilingal organisation, to exploit the cultivation of sago that has thus far been cultivated in a very naif and semi-wild fashion.This is the first attempt at growing sago on a plantation scale anywhere in the universe of discourse. Since the clone material and plantation technology for sago palm conduct not been established by surreptitious entrepreneurs, Sarawak government had wear outed the policies to cultivate sago palm on a plantation scale. With proper drainage, maintenance a nd fertiliser in plantation, sago palm will mature faster. This will increase the productivity of sago palm which return starch to the topical anaesthetic and international market.2.2 Third National Agricultural Policy (NAP3) on Sago (1998-2010)In NAP3, sago is fallen under the group of innovative product and future industries. The form _or_ system of government objective for this group isTo break up innovative products and new industries which will provide source for the information of land in the futureThe strategies for this insurance areTo modify the economy baseTo generate and encourage private sector participationTo reduce cost and increased productivity, commercial sago cultivation in large scale by private sector has been promote. This has been done completely by private sector and in collaboration with government subsidiaries. Infrastructures and basic facilities have been provided by the government to support the production of sago by private sector. Furthermore, cultivation with high quality seeds and better agronomy practices has been done to increase the productivity of sago smallholders.Sago cultivation has been encouraged on peat soil area in Sarawak due to the adequate of this crop with peat soil. This is the best way to use peat soil area in natured way. Production of value-added sago based products have been implemented to wider the market opportunities. The products include modified sago starch, sorbitol, dextrin and ascorbic acid. look into and development on both upstream and downriver activities for sago has been strengthen. The activities includeBreeding high quality crops materialFarm managementProcessing technologyNew products developmentUsage of side products including wasted materials and sago scrapsSago smallholders have been encouraged to wider their nurture through institution support. Research and market encouragement for sago starch and another(prenominal) sago products have been stressed due to strengthen the br ea social function market and venture the new market. Sago processing plants have been encouraged to practice quality watch management. investment and strategic raw material gain for upstream industry has been encouraged. This is to sustain the supply of sago in the industry. To control the wasted materials and sago scraps, pollution control management has been implemented.2.3 Sarawak Policy on Sago (Based on NAP3)Sarawak Policy on Sago has been formulated, think and developed from NAP3 by Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak (MoMA). The policy is for sago starch-based product industry as a electric potential industry and sago as a crop industry.For sago starch-based product industry as a potential industry, the policy objective isTo explore new frontier industry which might have substantial return to the local producers and the economyThe strategies for this policy areTo encourage private sector participationTo intensify research and development on sago starch prod uct developmentFor sago as a crop industry, the policy objective isTo develop and expand sago industry and exploit the opportunities of market of sago and sago starch-based productsThe strategies for this policy areTo assist smallholder in planting sago using mini estate approachTo encourage private sector participation in planting and processing of sago2.4 Ninth Malaysia Plan Policy on SagoUnder the Ninth Malaysia Plan, sago is one of the crops that included in land consolidation and rehabilitation. Land consolidation and rehabilitation will be continued on a big scale to accelerate the modernisation of smallholdings as well as increase productivity of the crops.CHAPTER 3 physical objectObjectiveTo determine Sago cultivation area in SarawakTo determine policy implication on Sago industry in SarawakTo determine the changes of policy in Sago industryCHAPTER 4 POLICY ANALYSIS4.0 IntroductionIn this chapter, we will consider the effects of policy that have been discussed in the prev ious chapter. The policy that we will analyze here is the Sarawak Policy on Sago based on NAP3.4.1 Effects on Sago finishing Area harmonise to Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin (1999), the aim of sago plantations is the application of modern, scientific agricultural technology and a large-scale institutional organisation, to exploit the cultivation of sago that has thus far been cultivated in a very primitive and semi-wild fashion. With commercial planting on large scale have been encouraged through the policies, the sago cultivation area was increased. The estimated area for sago cultivation in 1998 is 45,000 ha and it increased to 60,700 ha in 2000 (Third National Agricultural Policy, 1998)Since year 2000, the estimated area for sago cultivation in Sarawak is over 60,000 ha and slowly increased from year to year. The increment of sago cultivation area in Sarawak from year 2000 to 2004 is shown as below (Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005). year2 0002001200220032004Hectares (ha)60,70961,52362,14163,05362,308% compared to other crops7.87.67.37.16.7Table 4.1 Estimated Area for Sago CultivationSource Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005Even though the area for sago cultivation is increased in term of hectares, precisely in term of percentage compared to other crops, sago cultivation is decreased. The policies might be effective to increase the area of sago cultivation, but the increment is rather too slow compared to other crops especially oil palm.Figure 4.1.1 Sago Cultivation Area in SarawakSource Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005Figure 4.1.2 Percentage of Sago Cultivation Area Compared to some other Crops in SarawakSource Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 20054.2 Effects on Sago Starch Export and Starch consequenceThe highest sago starch export was in 1998 with 46,518.43 tonne of sago starch was exported and the value of it was RM41, 855,722 with price per tonne is R M897 for food grade starch and RM915 for industry grade starch (Craun Research Sdn Bhd, 2004). After 1998, the sago starch export decreased making the worst export value was in year 2000 with only 36,382.78 tonne was exported and the value of it was RM29,782,916 with price per tonne is RM830 for food grade starch and RM766 for industry grade starch. This might be derived from the price drop of starch in world market.The effects of the policies were only been seen after year 2000 where the export value of sago starch increased every year starting from year 2001 to 2004. Only in year 2003, the export value was decreased by RM55,000. The export value of sago starch from year 1998 to 2004 is shown as below (Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005).Year1998199920002001200220032004Export Value(RM000)42,18236,45029,78330,68032,16532,11037,020Table 4.2.1 The Export Value of Sago StarchSOURCE Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005 bit exporting sago starch, Mal aysia still has to merchandise other starch due to local consumption. In year 1997, estimated total production of sago starch in Malaysia is 60,000 tonne with almost 30,000 was used for local consumption (Third National Agricultural Policy, 1998). In 1998, the import value of starch was RM552,000 made it was the highest import value for starch.With local demand for starch is good for food and non-food industries, the policies were able to support the supply of starch in local market. It helps to reduce the import value of starch in 1999 to RM55,000. From this year, the import value of starch per year was going up and down where in year 2000 there is no starch was imported. The import value of starch from year 1998 to 2004 is shown as below (Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005).Year1998199920002001200220032004Import Value(RM000)552551340457157Table 4.2.2 The Import Value of StarchSource Ministry of Modernisation of Agriculture Sarawak, 2005Figure 3.2 Export Value of Sago Starch and Import Value of Starch from 1998 to 20044.3 Effect on Sago Research Involvement accord to Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin (1999), there was no private group and only two government centres persisting out research on sago in Malaysia. Researches on sago are of import to avoid the extinction of sago industry in Malaysia.When the policies were implemented, Land handcuffs and Development Authority of Sarawak (PELITA) have formed Craun Research Sdn Bhd to carry out research and development on sago. Craun Research Sdn Bhd was once lead by former Sarawak MARDI Director, Mr. Yusup Bin Sobeng.The policies also encouraged local universities to carry out research on sago. With UPM already carry out researches on sago before the policies UNIMAS have coupled them to do more researches on sago. Recently on 4 August 2006, UNIMAS signed an MOU with New deoxycytidine monophosphate Fermentation Research Co. Ltd. (NECFER) of Fukoka to enable both institutions t o cooperate and collaborate in the establishment of the fermentation parameters and structural set-up in a joint research and development endeavour on sago starch fermentation for large-scale production of ethanol and lactic acid.4.4 Effects on Private Sector Involvement in Sago PlantationPresently, sago is great(p) in Sarawak as a smallholders crop (Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin, 1999). When Land Custody and Development Authority of Sarawak (PELITA) started the development of two sago plantations Dalat Sago Plantation and Mukah Sago Plantation, several private companies in Sarawak got the initiative to involve in sago industry. With the policy encouraged private sector participation in planting and processing of sago, the numbers of private companies involve in sago plantation and processing had increase.Now, private companies which involve in sago industry have their own association for the benefits of members in the industry. Sarawak Sago Manufacturers Associ ation is the well known sago companies association in Sarawak. It is joined by inheritable Seng Ngeng Sons Sago Industries Sdn BhdNitsei Sago Industries Sdn BhdSong Ngeng Sago Industries (EM) Sdn BhdC. L. Nee Sago Industries Sdn BhdGrand Safeways (S) Sdn BhdIgan Sago Industries Sdn Bhd4.5 Effects on Traditional Sago Starch ProductionBefore the policy was introduced, there were 11 modern sago processing plants in Sarawak which had fixed assets and equipment valued around RM2-RM5 one thousand thousand (Chew, Abu Hassan Isa and Mohd. Ghazali Mohayidin, 1999). The policy helps to increase this number to 21 modern sago processing plant in year 2000. The increasing number of modern sago processing plant had slowly replaced the production of traditional sago starch called lemantak with high quality, dry sago flour.4.6 Effects on Sago Starch Contribution in World Starch MarketIn the world market, sago starch has to compete with other starch such as maize starch, potato starch, manioc star ch and wheat starch. According to ISO skillful Committees (2005), the world starch output was estimated to be 48.5 million tons in year 2000. Below is the total export value (in USD) for starches in world market based on type of starches between years 2000 to 2002 (ISO Technical Committees, 2005).200020012002Wheat Starch79,299,18866,494,94571,158,617Maize Starch247,354,215254,598,496250,744,561Potato Starch186,513,628192,451,543189,591,770Cassava Starch155,221,419146,818,27027,307,528 other Starch44,592,79242,295,98342,245,903Table 3.6 Export Value (USD) for Starches in World MarketSource ISO Technical Committees, 2005 another(prenominal) starch in table 3.6 refers to barley starch, rice starch, sago starch and waxy xaize starch. Though the export value of other starch is decreased from year 2000 to 2002, it was only 5% reduction compared to 82% reduction of cassava starch. However, the percentage or reduction for other starch including sago starch is higher than wheat starch, maiz e starch and potato starch.The policy to develop and expand sago industry in Malaysia helps to make Malaysia been acknowledged as one of the main exporter for starch in the world market. Malaysia also been acknowledged as the highest sago starch exporter in the world (ISO Technical Committees, 2005).CHAPTER 5 POLICY IMPLICATIONSThis chapter will discuss the positive and negative aspects of the policies analyzed in the previous chapter. The discussion demonstrates a close relationship between the analysis in the previous chapter and the implications drawn in this chapter about the positive and negative aspects of the policies analyzed.5.1 Positive AspectsFirst positive aspect, the policies embroil the sago cultivation to be increased. With 1.69 million hectares of peat soil in Sarawak, the policies had increased the sago cultivation area. This was due to the encouragement of private sector participation in sago plantation and the assistant of smallholder in planting sago using mini estate approach. Private sectors will not just focusing to oil palm plantation in term of the land usage in Sarawak. Even though sago is less profitable compared to oil palm, the policies which imply government support in sago cultivation helps to involve private sector in sago cultivation.Second positive aspect, the policies implicate the export and import of starch in Malaysia. With current consumption of starch in Malaysia is estimated around 100,000 tonne per year, the policies help to increase the supply of starch for local consumption. More than half of sago starch is been exported because of its high value as food grade starch and industry grade starch. This is more profitable than using it for local consumption. However, the usage of sago starch for local consumption still can support the local demand where the import value of starch in Malaysia is far too small (below RM80,000 from year 2001) compared to the export value of sago starch.Third positive aspect, the policies im plicate the sago researches troth in Malaysia. The policies help to increase the number of government subsidiaries and private group involvement in sago researches and development. The researches for the most part focus on increasing its starch yield, reducing the gestation period of sago and reducing the cost of sago production. quaternate positive aspect, the policies implicate the income of sago smallholders. With most of sago palm is cultivated by smallholders, the policies help to increase their income. Most of sago farmers are having income from non-sago agricultural activities or from off-farm employment. This is because sago palm has the gestation period of 10 to 15 years which considered as too long to generate income. The policies are focusing on economic strategies in planting sago at farm level where the farmers can maximize the profit in sago cultivation.Fifth positive aspect, the policies implicate the collaboration between federal government and state government. Wi th agriculture as the third instrument to generate Malaysias economy, the policies play an important role in developing the abundant crop such as sago. The federal government creates policies to develop sago cultivation for the state government. Then the state government will innovatively formulate, plan and develop the policies to be implemented. The policies consist of budget and land for sago cultivation.Finally, the policies ensured sago not to be abundant and will be developed to support the agriculture industry as well as other industries in Malaysia.5.2 Negative AspectsFirst negative aspect, the policies implicate the manipulation of private companies in sago industry. Most of private companies that involve in planting and processing sago have their own association to protect their importance in the industry. They might control the price of sago section (sago trunk which is cut to yield its starch) and the fee for transportation to factories. When this happened, the sago smal lholders might gain small profit or flush worst they gain loss.Second negative aspect, the policies implicate the traditional value of sago processing. With the number of modern sago processing plant is increased, the traditional, small-scale cottage mills which produce a type of inferior wet sago called lementak for the local markets are slowly being wiped out. The Melanau community especially will slowly lose their traditional way in processing sago.Finally, the policies are considered not very effective in developing sago industry. This can be seen in the small increment of sago cultivation area for the past 5 years compare to other crop in Malaysia.CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONSEven though, sago is considered by many plant scientists, especially Japanese scientists, as the starch crop of the 21st century (Jong, 1995), the present method of cultivation of sago palm shows that it is currently grown using very primitive agricultural technology. Sago is at present grown essentially as a sma llholder crop, producing low yields with minimal maintenance and zero fertilization. Current methods of cultivation in Sarawak is not that much diametric from what had occurred through the millennium and what is occurring now in the virgin, unexplored jungles of Papua New Guinea.The policy was implemented and sago industry also given impotency in Sarawak region. The cultivation area was showing increment and the yield as well, at the same time Malaysia market and world market for sago also increase. We found every policy try their level best to develop the sago industry from cultivation up to market it. Now they also start focus in research and development (RD), which will improve the sago industry.The sago plant lot of RD, to improve the plant and make it more economically profit. In sago industry there need two important thing need to improve. Make sure the plant produce high starch or high yield and decrease the gestation period that is from 10 to 15 years to 5years. The yield c an be modify by good plant materiel and good plant demeanor as well. This can only be achieved by a prolonged, sustained research program in plant selection and breeding work. The spectacular improvements in the yield of oil palm and its maturity period in Malaysia were achieved by a similar long-term research program, undertaken by a wide variety of governmental and private groups, set-back in the 1900s (Hartley, 1967).Unfortunately, there are currently no private groups carrying out research on sago in Malaysia. In fact, there are now only two government centers, the Dalat Sago Research Station and CRAUN (Crop Research and Application Unit, Lembaga Pembangunan dan Lindungan Tanah, Sarawak or PELITA), carrying out research on sago cultivation. The amount of research resource devoted to sago is distinctly inadequate for the monumental task of converting sago from its present semi-wild status to a modern clone with high yields, scant(p) maturity periods and responsiveness to fer tilizers. The proper management and good care to sago will improve Sarawak Sago industry and the policy will make the sago as golden crop of Sarawak.